Mediation Effect of Biomedical Ethics Awareness between Moral Sensitivity and Perceived Ethical Confidence among Nursing Students / 간호행정학회지

Purpose@#This study was done to identify the mediating effect of biomedical ethics awareness in the relationship between moral sensitivity and perceived ethical confidence among nursing students. @*Methods@#Participants were 211 nursing students from 7 universities in G city. A self-report questionnaire was used to measure moral sensitivity, biomedical ethics awareness, and perceived ethical confidence. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and multiple regression analysis using Baron and Kenny's method. @*Results@#Moral sensitivity was significantly positively correlated with biomedical ethics awareness (r=.52, p<.001) and perceived ethical confidence (r=.60, p<.001). Biomedical ethics awareness was also significantly correlated with perceived ethical confidence (r=.50, p<.001). Also, biomedical ethics awareness (β=.25, p<.001) showed a partial mediating effect on the relationship between moral sensitivity and perceived ethical confidence. @*Conclusion@#The impact of moral sensitivity on perceived ethical confidence in nursing students was mediated by biomedical ethics awareness. Therefore, it is suggest that strategies for improving biomedical ethics awareness in nursing students should be considered when developing an educational program for enhancing their perceived ethical confidence.

Mediation Effect of Biomedical Ethics Awareness between Moral Sensitivity and Perceived Ethical Confidence among Nursing Students / 간호행정학회지

Purpose@#This study was done to identify the mediating effect of biomedical ethics awareness in the relationship between moral sensitivity and perceived ethical confidence among nursing students. @*Methods@#Participants were 211 nursing students from 7 universities in G city. A self-report questionnaire was used to measure moral sensitivity, biomedical ethics awareness, and perceived ethical confidence. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and multiple regression analysis using Baron and Kenny's method. @*Results@#Moral sensitivity was significantly positively correlated with biomedical ethics awareness (r=.52, p<.001) and perceived ethical confidence (r=.60, p<.001). Biomedical ethics awareness was also significantly correlated with perceived ethical confidence (r=.50, p<.001). Also, biomedical ethics awareness (β=.25, p<.001) showed a partial mediating effect on the relationship between moral sensitivity and perceived ethical confidence. @*Conclusion@#The impact of moral sensitivity on perceived ethical confidence in nursing students was mediated by biomedical ethics awareness. Therefore, it is suggest that strategies for improving biomedical ethics awareness in nursing students should be considered when developing an educational program for enhancing their perceived ethical confidence.

Benzydamine inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption down-regulation of interleukin-1 expression

Bone diseases such as osteoporosis and periodontitis are induced by excessive osteoclastic activity, which is closely associated with inflammation. Benzydamine (BA) has been used as a cytokine-suppressive or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or prostaglandins. However, its role in osteoclast differentiation and function remains unknown. Here, we explored the role of BA in regulating osteoclast differentiation and elucidated the underlying mechanism. BA inhibited osteoclast differentiation and strongly suppressed interleukin-1 (IL-1) production. BA inhibited osteoclast formation and bone resorption when added to bone marrow-derived macrophages and differentiated osteoclasts, and the inhibitory effect was reversed by IL-1 treatment. The reporter assay and the inhibitor study of IL-1 transcription suggested that BA inhibited nuclear factor-B and activator protein-1 by regulating IB kinase, extracellular signal regulated kinase and P38, resulting in the down-regulation of IL-1 expression. BA also promoted osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, BA protected lipopolysaccharide- and ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice, suggesting therapeutic potential against inflammation-induced bone diseases and postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Comparative Study of Unilateral Axillo-Breast Approach with Gas Insufflation Versus Gasless Transaxillary Approach for Endoscopic Thyroidectomy in a Single Institute / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There have been various approaches introduced for endoscopic thyroidectomy. This study evaluates and compares the surgical outcomes of two such approaches: the unilateral axillo-breast approach (UABA) with gas and the gasless transaxillary approach (TA). SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed 279 patients who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy via UABA with gas or gasless TA from March 2008 to August 2012. Studied variables were clinicopathologic data, surgical outcomes, complications, and cosmetic satisfactions. RESULTS: Of the 279 patients, 195 (69.9%) underwent UABA with gas and 84 (30.1%) underwent gasless TA. All of the variables related to clinicopathologic characteristics showed no significant differences between the two groups. The mean operation time was significantly shorter in the UABA with gas group (131.76±44.37 min) than in the gasless TA group (191.01±55.90 min) (p<0.001). The mean postoperative pain Visual Analogue Scale scores in the UABA with gas group were 2.61±0.96 and 1.85±0.79, respectively, and those in the gasless TA group were 3.12±1.02 and 2.17±0.76, respectively, at 1 and 3 days after surgery. Incidences of postoperative complications were similar except for the higher rate of seroma in the gasless TA group. Cosmetic satisfaction scores of UABA with gas were higher than those of the gasless TA. CONCLUSION: UABA with gas may be a good option for endoscopic thyroidectomy because this approach is less invasive than the gasless TA is.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Dynamic External Nasal Valve Collapse: Application of Alar Batten Graft and Alar Flaring Suture / 대한이비인후과학회지

In contrast to Caucasians, dynamic collapse of external nasal valve is not a common cause of nasal obstruction in Asians. Nevertheless, Asians with thin skin and weak nasal cartilages can have such problems. To diagnose these patients, visual inspection of external nose during forced inspiration is most important, which physicians frequently neglect. If dynamic collapse is suspected, physicians should locate the maximal site of collapse through modified cottle maneuver. The mainstay of treatment is proper reinforcement of main site of collapse with cartilage graft or various suture techniques. This article presents diagnosis and successful surgical treatments of two cases of dynamic external valve collapse with alar batten graft and alar flaring suture technique.

A Case of Giant Fibrovascular Polyp of the Hypopharynx Removed by Transoral Approach / 대한이비인후과학회지

Giant fibrovascular polyps of the esophagus and hypopharynx are rare, benign, and tumor-like lesions of the upper digestive tract. Due to the initial lack of symptoms, these polyps are often clinically undiagnosed or misdiagnosed until they are significant in size. Most of them can be surgically removed by a cervical incision approach or endoscopic approach. However, we experienced a case of 37 years old male patient, who had a giant fibrovascular polyp of the hypopharynx removed by transoral approach because of the location and size of the stalk. We present this case of a giant fibrovascular polyp of the hypopharynx with a brief review of literature.

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Patients Aged under 20 / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Thyroid carcinoma rarely occurs in children and adolescents, whose clinical features are diverse, and treatment outcomes are still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and the treatment outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients younger than 20 years old. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: This is a retrospective study for patients younger than 20 years old, who were diagnosed as PTC from January 1992 to February 2009. Clinical features, size, pathologic type, extrathyroidal extension, recurrence, multiplicity, extent of surgery, and lymph node metastasis were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Forty patients, of 6 malse and 34 females, were enrolled, with their mean age being 16 years old. The initial operations were total thyroidectomy for 9 patients, unilateral lobectomy for 15 patients, and total thyroidectomy and lateral neck dissection for 16 patients. Cervical lymph node metastases were diagnosed in 25 patients. Extrathyroidal extensions were observed in 30 patients. Postoperative radioactive iodine therapy was performed in 35 patients. During the follow-up period, 8 patients had recurred. All patients were alive at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: PTC in children and adolescents aged under 20 is a rare disease and tends to present as an advanced disease with low mortality compared to adult PTC. Recurrence had no effect on survival. Aggressive treatment with total thyroidectomy, central neck dissection, and radioiodine therapy may prevent recurrence.

Comparison of Families with and without a Suicide Prevention Plan Following a Suicidal Attempt by a Family Member

The frequency and extent of the existence of a familial suicide prevention plan may differ across cultures. The aim of this work was, therefore, to determine how common it was for families to develop a suicide prevention plan and to compare the main measures used by families with and without such a plan, after an attempt to commit suicide was made by a member of a family living in a rural area of Korea. On the basis of the presence or absence of a familial suicide prevention plan, we compared 50 recruited families that were divided into 2 groups, with Group A (31 families) employing a familial suicide prevention plan after a suicide attempt by a family member, and Group B (19 families) not doing so. The strategy that was employed most frequently to prevent a reoccurrence among both populations was promoting communication among family members, followed by seeking psychological counseling and/or psychiatric treatment. Contrary to our expectation, the economic burden from medical treatment after a suicide attempt did not influence the establishment of a familial suicide prevention plan. It is a pressing social issue that 38% (19 of 50) of families in this study did not employ a familial suicide prevention plan, even after a family member had attempted suicide. Regional suicide prevention centers and/or health authorities should pay particular attention to these patients and their families.

Effects of an Action Learning based Creative Problem-Solving Course for Nursing Students / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the effects of an action learning based creative problem-solving (CPS) course on problem solving, creativity and team-member exchange in nursing students. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study applying a non-equivalent control group pre-post design was employed. Sophomore nursing students (32 in the experimental group and 33 in the control group) were recruited from a university in G-city, Korea. Problem solving, creativity and team-member exchange were measured for the pretest and posttest using self-report questionnaires. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and ANCOVA with SPSS/Win 20.0 program were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The scores for problem solving, creativity and team-member exchange in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that an action learning based CPS course is an effective teaching method to improve nursing students' competencies. In the future longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long term effects of the course.

Preliminary Results of Donor Action in Korea / 대한이식학회지

BACKGROUND: Donor Action (DA) is a well-known program used to evaluate the potential of organ donors and to survey hospital attitudes toward organ donation in a region or nation. DA has not yet been fully implemented in Korea. METHODS: We collected medical information on expired patients from 9 hospitals in Yeoung-nam province. We also passed out Hospital Attitude Survey questionnaires in those same 9 hospitals. We reviewed the medical records of the expired patients in the neurological and neurosurgical critical care units from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009. Data was analyzed with a DA system database. RESULTS: A total of 704 patients were enrolled. Altogether, 307 patients (43.6%) were potential donors, and 26 patients (6.5%) were reported to an to organ procurement organization. Among the potential donors, a family approach was taken with 33 patients (10.7%), and family consent was obtained in 26 cases (8.5%). Organ donation was done with 24 patients (7.8%). Among the potential donors, 88.6% of them were not identified as potential donors. Hospital attitude surveys were given to 417 hospital staff members. A positive attitude towards organ donation was shown in 85%. However, only 55.4% of hospital staff agreed on the concept of brain death. CONCLUSIONS: Among the processes of organ donation, identifying a potential donor is a critical step to increase organ donation.

Comparison of methods for proanthocyanidin extraction from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles and biological activities of the extracts

Flavonoids are known to be effective scavengers of free radicals. In particular, proanthocyanidins are flavonoids that possess cardiovascular protection, antioxidative activities, and immunomodulatory activities. Here, we evaluated proanthocyanidin contents in the total polyphenolic compounds of pine needle extracts prepared by hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-hexane (HWH), and hot water-ethanol (HWE). Analysis of each extract indicated that the ethanol extract contained the highest proanthocyanidin concentration. The HWH and hexane extracts also contained relatively high concentrations of proanthocyanidin. On the other hand, proanthocyanidin content analyses out of the total polyphenolic compounds indicated that the HWH extract contained the highest content. These results suggest that HWH extraction is a suitable method to obtain an extract with a high level of pure proanthocyanidins and a relatively high yield. The HWH extract possessed superior activity in diverse antioxidative analyses such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferrous ion chelating (FIC), and ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) assays. In addition, upon assessing the effects of the pine needle extracts on macrophages (Raw 264.7 cell), the HWH extract exhibited the highest activity. In this study, we discerned an efficient extraction method to achieve relatively pure proanthocyanidins from pine needles and evaluated the biological functions of the resulting extract, which could potentially be used for its efficacious components in functional food products.

Effects of gender and gonadectomy on growth and plasma cholesterol levels in pigs

We conducted two studies to determine the effect of gender, gonadectomy (GDX) on growth and plasma cholesterol levels in pigs. In experiment 1, five sham-operated and five GDX female Landrace pigs (26 kg) were allowed to have free access to water and feed up to market weight (approximately 100 kg). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded biweekly, and daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency (gain/feed) were calculated during the feeding period. In experiment 2, 10 male (26 kg) and 10 female (26 kg) Landrace pigs were used; five male and five female pigs were assigned to sham-operated or GDX. Pigs were allowed to have free access to water and a diet without added cholesterol (Table 1) until they were 6 months old (male 104 and female 98 kg) and thereafter they were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (Table 1) containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate for 10 days. GDX of female pigs increased average daily gain (P0.05) on feed efficiency. Plasma cholesterol levels in pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 10 days were much higher (P<0.05) in females than in males (161 vs 104 mg/100 mL plasma), and were increased by GDX only in male pigs. HDL-cholesterol/LDL+VLDL-cholesterol ratio appeared to be higher in males than in females, and was not influenced by GDX in either sex. Results suggested that the lower growth rate of female pigs than their male counterparts is attributable to the ovarian activity, and the lower plasma cholesterol level in male than in female pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet is due to the testicular activity.

Development of Web-based Multimedia Contents for the Critical Care Practice of Nursing Students through Inter-College Collaboration / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop Web-based multimedia contents for supporting student nurses' clinical practice on critical care, and to evaluate learners' responses. METHODS: Based on the steps of Assessment, Design, Development, Implementation, & Evaluation(ADDIE) model, a total of 13 self-directed learning modules including live lectures and real video clips were developed through faculty collaboration of nine nursing colleges in Gwangju and Chonnam province. The finally developed multimedia contents were published on the Web of the learning management system at a local e-learning center. RESULTS: The Web contents were evaluated after self-learning by 81 junior college nursing students who were encouraged to study it at their own pace during their two-week clinical practice at a medical or surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital and two hospitals. The knowledge (t = -27.66, p < .001) and self-evaluated clinical performance level(t = 7.54, p < .001) were significantly increased after learning of the Web contents and clinical practice, and satisfaction level that measured post-test only was 4.0 out of 5 point. CONCLUSION: The use of Web contents for critical care need to be extended as a complimentary material in a class room lecture or clinical practice of students to increase their self-learning ability and understandings of clinical knowledge and situation.

A Grounded Theory Approach on the Multiple Role Experience of Married Women Graduate Students / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This research was conducted to explore the experiences of graduate student women with children fulfilling multiple roles and to generate a substantive theory. METHODS: This study uses the grounded theory method based on Strauss and Corbin(1988)'s method. Interviews were conducted with 11 graduate student women who had children aged three of older. RESULTS: The core category of this research is 'Role balancing for self-generativity'. Based on the core category, three types of married women graduate students' experiences were found. They are 'concentrating on graduate-work' 'postponing graduate-work' and 'adjustment between two roles' CONCLUSIONS: Through understanding the married women's multiple roles experience process, there can be a basis for making a women's health system and social support system for the married women graduate student. Also, this research is to generate a substantive theory which can helps to change social perspectives on the quality of life for the women who will contribute in Korean society as professionals.

The Effects of Aroma Hand Massage on Pruritus, Fatigue and Stress of Hemodialysis Patients / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the effects of aroma hand massage on pruritus, fatigue and stress of the patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: This study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Study sample was conveniently recruited from two hospitals(28 for experimental and 30 for control group). The experimental group went through aroma hand massage on hand without AVF for 5 min for 12 times mixed with Lavender, Chamomile and Geranium oils in the ratio of 4 : 4 : 2, which was diluted 3% with sweet almond crrier oil 100 ml. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS: The 1st hypothesis, 'Experimental group who has received aroma hand massage will have lower rate of pruritus than the control group' was accepted(t = -5.084, p = .001). The 2nd hypothesis, 'Experimental group who has received aroma hand massage will have lower rate of fatigue than the control group' was accepted(t = -2.557, p = .015). The 3rd hypothesis, 'Experimental group who has received aroma hand massage will have lower rate of stress than the control group' was accepted(t = -5.537, p = .001). CONCLUSION: The aroma hand massage has shown to be an effective nursing intervention to reduce the pruritus, fatigue and stress among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, the massage is needed to continuously be applied to hemodialysis patients to improve their quality of life.

Nursing Activities and Outcomes Related to Indwelling Urinary Catheterization from a Review of Medical Records and Interviews / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify nursing activities and to analyze patient outcomes related to indwelling urinary catheterization. METHOD: A review was done of 628 medical records from five units for patients admitted between January 1 and June 30, 2006. Twelve nurses who worked in the same units were interviewed. RESULTS: In the interviews, nurses reported considering several non-invasive interventions prior to catheterization but there were no medical records of this activity. Results from the in-depth interviews showed that infection control activities such as urinary bag management were conducted but again there were no medical records. Seventy-five percent of the catheters were removed without prescription. In the medical records there were no notes for approximately 15%, on the time of first voiding and 80%, on volume of first voiding after removal of catheter. There was a significant difference in hospitalization days between the group catheterized for 5 days or less and the group catheterized for 6 days or more. CONCLUSION: Results indicate a need to close the gap between recorded and described activities and between current and best evidence based practice. Further study is needed to develop a standard recording system and guidelines related indwelling catheterization to decrease the gaps identified in this research.

Family Support, Alcohol Consumption and Drinking Motives in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study were to investigate the level of family support, alcohol consumption and drinking motives in patients with liver cirrhosis and to examine the relationships among those variables. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 60 patients with liver cirrhosis. Family support scale, Q-F methods and Drinking Motives Questionnaire were used to measure the level of family support, alcohol consumption and drinking motives. RESULTS: The level of family support was 43.62. Prevalence of drinking was 90% and 43.3% were currently heavy drinkers. Alcohol consumption was related to sex and education. There were positive low relationships between the level of enhancement motive, coping motive, social motive, and Q-F Index. CONCLUSION: Alcohol drinking is a serious health problem in patients with liver cirrhosis. It is necessary to have an educational approach for controlling drinking and family support.

Effects of a Smoking Cessation Program on Amount of Smoking and Nicotine Dependence and Self-efficacy of Smoking Cessation for Smoking Workers / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a smoking cessation program on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependence and the self-efficacy of smoking cessation for smoking workers. METHODS: The total number of subjects was 38 smokers and was divided into two: 16 smokers were placed in the experimental group and 22 in the control group. A nonequivalent control group pretestposttest design was used. The smoking cessation program consisted of two sessions and was implemented for two hours daily for five days. Data was analyzed by using the SPSS/WIN 11.0 program with Chi2-test, t-test or Mann-Whitney U and ANCOVA. RESULTS: After the treatment, those belonging to the experimental group showed a significantly decreased amount of smoking, a decreased nicotine dependency and increased self-efficacy compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The smoking cessation program was effective for diminishing the amount of smoking, decreasing nicotine dependence and improving self-efficacy. Therefore, this program is recommended as a smoking cessation strategy for adult smokers.

Leisure Activities, Cognitive Function and Depression in Female Elderly / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly, to examine the relationships among those variables and to investigate leisure activities and depression according to cognitive function. METHODS: The subjects were 105 female elderly visiting two senior citizen centers in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from November to December 2006. The participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality. All information was collected through face-to-face interviews using questionnaires. RESULTS: 26.0% of the participants were cognitive impaired but not demented and 17.3% were demented. The level of depression was severe and 77.9% of the subjects were depressed. The subjects were not actively engaging in leisure activities. There were significant correlations between cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly. Demented or CIND subjects were more actively engaging in extra family fulfillment type leisure activities than normal subjects, CONCLUSION: These findings showed the need for a program for female elderly regarding leisure activities. When counseling the elderly, nurses must consider their cognitive function, leisure activities and depression.

A Study on Korean Adults' Health Status, Smoking Perception, and Self-efficacy of Smoking Cessation according to Smoking Status

PURPOSE: The present study purposed to investigate Korean adults health status, smoking perception. and self-efficacy of smoking cessation according to whether smoking or not. METHODS: This study conducted a questionnaire survey of 694 adults at D County in Korea during the period from the 10th of June to the 10th of July 2004. The instruments used for this study were scales on health status, smoking perception and self-efficacy: of smoking cessation. Data was analyzed by frequency and percentage, mean and SD, chi2-test, t-test, ANOVA using SPSS 11.0 program. RESULTS: The subjects of this study were 503 men and 191 women, and 60.8% of the male subjects and 6.8% of the female subjects were smokers. With respect to health status (t=-2.58, p=0.010), smoking perception (t=10.59. p<0.000) and the self-efficacy of smoking cessation (t=-23.04, p<0.000), there were significant differences according to whether smoking or not. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to make repeated study to find other variables that affect adults smoking and to develop smoking cessation programs that enhance the self-efficacy of smoking cessation.